Journal of Engineering in Industrial Research

Abstract This study focuses on the thin film and related device based on indium tin oxide (SnO₂). It is produced onto glass and n-type silicon by spray pyrolysis and thermal evaporation processes. The structural, optical, dielectric, and surface properties of In-doped SnO₂ layers are investigated, and important parameters have been determined. A polycrystalline structure and a main orientation along (200) are confirmed by X-ray patterns. UV-Vis measurements of Indium-doped SnO₂ layers show a transmittance peak of 95% and 97% in the visible band. A wide optical band gap E_g of 4.06 and 4.13 eV is recorded and SnO₂ nanostructures have been revealed. The electrical conductivity s(T) profile of SnO₂ film is reducing as 1000/T values are increasing. An evidence of dark-light conditions on the I-V characteristics of our diode based on In-doped SnO₂ is confirmed. Effect of In-doping level on the parameters extracted from I-V characteristics is emphasized. The effect of light on the diode parameters, such as ideality factor, saturation current, and photocurrent, is observed, which gives it the possibility of being used as a photodiode.

Abstract Solid fuels such as coal and wood contribute to air pollution by releasing harmful substances into the air during cooking and heating. The burning of coal emits toxins, and industrial activities further degrade air quality. Although natural gas is cleaner compared to coal and oil, it still generates harmful carbon dioxide, with concerns surrounding methane and nitrogen oxides. Tailored policies are essential to decrease emissions in cities like Tehran, Iran, and regions in China, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive strategies. A search was conducted for keywords related to air pollutants like natural gas, fuel oil, and diesel in online databases such as Google Scholar and Scopus. A review of scientific literature on air pollution caused by these fuels was undertaken, and air pollution production statistics in Iran from 2000 to 2017 were gathered. The One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test was used to evaluate the normality of the air pollutant data distribution, and a descriptive study on air pollutant production was carried out using SPSS v27 software, which included statistical tests for correlation analysis. The analysis indicated that from 2000 to 2017, natural gas was the primary producer of CO₂, while diesel was responsible for higher overall pollution despite lower consumption. Significant correlations between pollution levels and fuel types were discovered, with diesel exhibiting the highest emissions, underscoring the necessity for stricter regulations and cleaner fuel alternatives. Strategies to reduce diesel emissions involve increasing natural gas usage, enhancing diesel quality, adopting advanced technologies, promoting electric vehicles, enforcing stringent standards, investing in public transportation.

Abstract This study evaluates the corrosion inhibition potential of three molecules—TPP, TBP, and TFP—by analyzing their electronic properties and interaction energies with aluminum surfaces (Al (111), Al (110), and Al (100)). Key electronic parameters such as the Energy of Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (E-HOMO), Energy of Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (E-LUMO), Ionization Energy (IE), Electron Affinity (AE), and Energy Gap (ΔEg) reveal that TPP is the most effective electron donor, followed by TFP and TBP, which is a stronger electron acceptor. Kinetic and potential energy simulations indicate that TBP exhibits the most negative potential energy values, particularly on Al (100), suggesting the strongest interaction with the aluminum surfaces and superior inhibition performance. In contrast, TFP shows stronger interaction with Al (100) but weaker binding on Al (110) and Al (111), while TPP displays the weakest interaction overall. Kinetic energy results indicate that TBP induces the highest molecular movement on Al (100), reflecting more dynamic interactions, whereas TFP induces moderate energy levels with less variation across surfaces. The potential energy values, all negative, suggest attractive interactions between the inhibitors and the aluminum surfaces. TBP exhibits the most negative values, followed by TFP and TPP, indicating that TBP likely forms the strongest bonds with aluminum. These findings suggest that TBP is the most effective corrosion inhibitor, especially for Al (100), while TFP and TPP show varying levels of effectiveness based on their interactions with the different aluminum surfaces. Simulations were conducted using force field dynamic energies, offering insights into the molecular behaviors and their potential for corrosion inhibition.

Abstract Circular economy, as a new approach to economic development, seeks to reduce pollution and manage resources more efficiently. The purpose of this article is estimate of Circular Economy Principles in Architectural Design, Construction and Real Estate. Circular economy is an economic system in which products, materials and resources are continuously recycled, resulting in no or minimal waste. It is based on three fundamental principles: design to eliminate waste and pollution; keep materials and products in the cycle of use; and restore natural systems. The world population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, with 55% of them living in cities. This population growth will put more pressure on natural resources and demand new infrastructure, services and housing. Currently, cities account for approximately two-thirds of global energy demand and are responsible for 80% of greenhouse gas emissions as well as 50% of global waste, with estimates indicating that urban waste levels will double by 2050. The construction industry’s approach to the life cycle of materials and buildings is evolving. For a long time, this cycle has followed the simple formula of “plan, design, build and finally demolish”, but over time, new concepts such as recycling, dismantling, reuse and circular demolition have emerged in the industry and form part of the gradual transformation towards a circular economy in construction. This approach not only extends the lifecycle of building components, but also fosters a symbiotic relationship between the built environment and the natural world. Circular design emphasizes several key principles: designing for longevity, adaptability, and disassembling components; using sustainable materials; and ensuring that products can be easily repaired, reused, or recycled at the end of their life cycle. The transformation in the construction industry’s approach is bringing the stages of use of buildings and their life cycle closer to reality.

Abstract Quantum computing and artificial intelligence are two advanced and emerging areas of science and technology, each of which has the potential to bring about massive changes in various industries. Combining these two technologies could lead to significant innovations. Quantum computing uses the principles of quantum physics to perform computational operations, which helps to achieve faster solutions to complex problems. Artificial intelligence uses its algorithms to build and improve intelligent systems capable of designing, thinking, and making decisions. Combining these two technologies will lead to greater power in solving complex problems and improving the efficiency of artificial intelligence systems. Although quantum computing has great potential, it is still in the early stages of development and faces many technical challenges. These include the stability of qubits, quantum errors, and the need for extremely cold environments for quantum systems to operate. As research in both fields’ advances, the interaction of quantum computing and artificial intelligence is expected to lead to significant results and create a huge transformation in various industries, including medicine, finance, logistics, and information technology. In quantum artificial intelligence, quantum computing power is used to optimize this problem. For example, a quantum algorithm known as a “quantum search algorithm” can process the search space in parallel and quickly converge to an optimal solution. Suppose we have a quantum network that can put qubits into different states at the same time. This property allows us to explore all possible paths in parallel. Then, using quantum algorithms such as Grover’s Algorithm, we can reach the optimal path faster than classical algorithms.

Abstract Electricity billing based on estimated bills is a big problem for the consumers of electricity in Nigeria and Rivers state in particular, because of the unrealistically high monthly bills. Electricity billing has evolved from analogue meter based billing to estimated billing and digital prepaid meter billing. Four and a Half years bills obtained from a location in Aluu, were collated and analysed using the principles of band system of electricity billing as stipulated by Nigeria Electricity Regulation Commission (NERC). Band system billing makes use of the ratio of cumulative duration of electricity availability (hours) to maximum approved hours, bill cap (kwh), band based tariff rate, and the value added tax (%) to generate the amount in naira. The lack of actual duration (hours) of electricity availability, data prompted the researchers to make two assumptions to do a phenomenological model of poor and good electricity availability options to compare with those used in the PHED monthly bills. The result of the PHED monthly bill analysis shows the following daily average availability of 39.33%, 77.17%, 115.75%, 110.50%, and 122.33% from 2019 to 2023 while the researchers’ monthly bill provides the following daily average availability of 23.00%, 47.67%, 46.67%, 52.83%, and 55.00% for the same years. The PHED availability data appears to be highly exaggerated as the power supply in Aluu and its environs over the years do not reflect such. This might be corroborated by NERC’s accusation of all the eleven distribution companies in Nigeria of overbilling customers in 2023.