h-index: 18 i10-index: 25
h-index: 18 i10-index: 25
Document Type : Review Article
Authors
Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, TMU, Tehran, Iran
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
The integration of nanoparticles (NPs) into agricultural practices has been increasingly explored due to their potential to enhance plant growth and soil health. Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) can modulate soil properties such as pH, nutrient availability, and organic matter decomposition rates, influencing both micro- and macro-organisms within the soil ecosystem [1,2]. Recent studies have highlighted the complex effects of engineered NPs on soil microbial communities and nutrient cycling, with responses ranging from stimulation to inhibition depending on concentration and type. For instance, certain NPs like zinc oxide (ZnO) have shown antimicrobial activity, affecting soil microbiota and potentially altering key microbial functions [3]. The rhizosphere is the soil region surrounding plant roots, where complex interactions between roots and microorganisms occur. The presence of nanoparticles can alter the composition and dynamics of microbial populations in this zone, potentially influencing nutrient availability, soil health, and plant development (Figure 1) [4].
The impact of NPs on soil ecosystems is multifaceted. They can improve soil structure by enhancing water retention and aggregate stability, which in turn affects microbial activity and nutrient availability. However, there are concerns regarding the environmental risks associated with NPs accumulation in soils, including potential toxicity to beneficial microorganisms and alterations in soil structure [4, 5].
Understanding the interactions between NPs and soil ecosystems is crucial for harnessing their benefits while mitigating risks. This involves examining how ENPs influence microbial diversity, nutrient cycling, and plant growth, as well as assessing their long-term effects on ecosystem health. The ENPs application in agriculture offers several advantages, including improved nutrient delivery and enhanced stress tolerance in plants. However, the environmental implications of their widespread use necessitate careful evaluation to ensure sustainable agricultural practices. In this context, the role of NPs in modulating soil microorganisms is particularly significant. By altering soil properties and microbial communities, NPs can either promote or inhibit plant growth depending on their concentration and type [6,7].
Moreover, the effects of NPs on macro-organisms, such as insects and other soil fauna, are also critical. These organisms play crucial roles in soil ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling and soil structure maintenance. The balance between the benefits and risks of NPs in soil ecosystems is delicate. While they offer potential solutions for improving agricultural productivity, their environmental impact must be carefully managed to prevent unintended consequences [8,9].
This study aims to explore the complex interactions between ENPs and soil ecosystems, focusing on both micro- and macro-organisms. By examining the advantages and risks associated with NPs use, we can better understand how to harness their benefits while ensuring sustainable and environmentally conscious agricultural practices. The exploration of these interactions is crucial for developing strategies that maximize the potential of NPs in enhancing soil health and plant productivity. Understanding the impact of NPs on microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, is essential for optimizing nutrient cycling and plant growth. Similarly, assessing their effects on macro-organisms like earthworms and insects helps in maintaining ecosystem balance and biodiversity. The advantages of using NPs include improved nutrient delivery, enhanced plant resistance to diseases, and reduced chemical usage. However, potential risks such as bioaccumulation and toxicity in the food chain must be carefully evaluated. By balancing these factors, we can ensure that NPs applications contribute to sustainable agriculture without compromising environmental integrity.
NPs effect on soil microbiota
Bacteria
Studies have shown that silver NPs (AgNPs) can significantly alter the composition of soil microbial communities. Specifically, AgNPs have been found to decrease the abundance of certain bacterial groups. For instance, exposure to AgNPs has been reported to reduce the populations of beta-Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. These changes in microbial community structure can have profound effects on soil health and nutrient cycling, ultimately impacting plant growth and productivity [13].
NPs have the potential to impact on the population of rhizosphere bacteria, affecting both deleterious and beneficial microorganisms. By increasing the richness of rhizosphere microbiota, NPs can indirectly enhance plant nutrient absorption and ultimately promote plant growth [14].
For instance, the application of nano-selenium to pepper plants significantly increased the presence of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil. This encompassed various bacterial groups including Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Deltaproteobacteria, and Anaerolineae [15,16].
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Figure 1: The rhizosphere and associated organisms. The rhizosphere, the soil region surrounding plant roots, hosts a diverse array of macro- and micro-organisms whose interactions play a crucial role in soil health and plant development. NPs may affect these communities, potentially modifying their ecological functions and influencing plant-microbe interactions [10-12].
Nano-selenium influences the rhizosphere microbiome by increasing bacterial diversity and complexity. This shift in microbial community composition is associated with enhanced disease resistance and improved nutrient availability for potatoes. Beneficial microorganisms like Bacillus and Pseudomonas are promoted, which can aid in nutrient cycling and plant growth. The enhancement of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms by NPs like nano-selenium highlights their potential role in sustainable agriculture. These beneficial microorganisms can improve soil health by facilitating nutrient cycling, promoting root growth, and increasing plant resilience to environmental stresses [17].
By modulating the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere, NPs can create a more favorable environment for plant growth. The application of nano-selenium fertilizer, particularly when applied twice during the seedling stage, significantly decreased the disease index of potato scab caused by Streptomyces spp. This reduction in disease severity is attributed to the enhanced resistance mechanisms in potatoes [18].
Understanding the interactions between NPs and rhizosphere microorganisms is crucial for optimizing their application in agriculture. Research has shown that NPs can stimulate the growth of specific microbial groups that are essential for nutrient assimilation and plant health. For example, Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria are known for their roles in nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilization, which are vital processes for plant nutrition. The use of silica dioxide NPs (SiO2 NPs) has been found to enhance the production, transport, and release of organic acids in rice roots. These organic acids provide a rich source of carbon for microorganisms in the rhizosphere, resulting in a substantial increase of 15.2-80.5% in beneficial microbes like Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. This improvement optimizes the bacterial community structure and supports enhanced nitrogen absorption and plant growth, as reported by some studies [19].
The impact of AgNPs and other NPs on soil bacterial communities underscores their potential to reshape microbial dynamics. While beneficial bacteria such as Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria can enhance nutrient cycling, the reduction of specific bacterial groups due to nanoparticle expo
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